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BoJ Summary of Opinions: Member says bank may need to tackle risk of rising price deviations

The Bank of Japan (BoJ) published the Summary of Opinions from the April monetary policy meeting, with the key findings noted below.   

Key quotes

One member states real interest rates low enough to support further policy rate hikes. 

BOJ member says bank may need to tackle risk of rising price deviations. 

One member said impact of Middle East situation hard to predict, bank to take wait-and-see stance at meeting. 

One member said a policy rate increase focused on controlling inflation is likely to harm economic progress at this stage. 

Rate hike likely from next meeting despite uncertain Middle East outlook. 

One BoJ member signals no rush to act now but favors rate hike soon barring clear economic slowdown. 

One member says Japanโ€™s real policy interest rate is by far the lowest globally, BoJ must continue adjusting negative real rate ahead of second-round effects. One member said BoJ must prevent significant risk of inflation rising sharply in conducting monetary policy. 

One member said policy rate remains below neutral, so BOJ must keep raising rates every few months. 

One member said if upside risks to prices rise, BoJ must speed up rate hikes without delay. 

One member said prolonged Middle East tensions could prompt earlier policy rate increase to neutral level.

One member said Middle East situation remains uncertain, all scenarios indicate greater upside risks to price .

One member warns supply-side constraints could cause sharp price surges. 

Market reaction  

Following the BoJโ€™s Summary of Opinions, the USD/JPY pair is up 0.36% on the day to trade at 157.25 as of writing. 

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Eur softens below 1.1800 on US-Iran ceasefire risks, traders await US CPI data

  • EUR/USD weakens to around 1.1775 in Tuesdayโ€™s early Asian session.
  • Trump said the US-Iran ceasefire was on โ€˜massive life support.โ€™
  • Hawkish expectations for the ECB might help limit the Euroโ€™s losses. 

The EUR/USD pair loses ground to near 1.1775 during the early Asian session on Tuesday. The Euro (EUR) softens against the US Dollar (USD) as traders turn cautious ahead of the US April inflation report and ongoing geopolitical tensions in the Middle East. 

Reuters reported on Monday that Iranian Parliament speaker Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf warned that Iranโ€™s military was fully prepared to retaliate against any future attacks after rising tensions threatened the fragile ceasefire in the Middle East. 

Earlier Monday, US President Donald Trump said the ceasefire between the US and Iran is on โ€œmassive life supportโ€ after he rejected Tehranโ€™s latest peace offer, which he called โ€œsimply unacceptable.โ€ Signs of a prolonged conflict between the US and Iran could boost a safe-haven currency such as the Greenback and act as a headwind for the major pair in the near term. 

On the other hand, a hawkish stance from the European Central Bank (ECB) could provide some support to the shared currency. ECB Governing Council member Martin Kocher said on Monday that thereโ€™s no need to delay the interest rate hikes if energy prices donโ€™t improve swiftly.

Financial markets are now pricing in a 92% chance of a 25 basis point (bps) hike at the June meeting, with a total of three hikes anticipated by the end of 2026, according to Reuters.

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Chart of The Day – GBP/USD

The political crisis surrounding Keir Starmer has become one of the key market drivers for the pound today. The situation is evolving rapidly and is having a direct impact on government bond yields and the value of the pound, with the markets closely monitoring the Prime Ministerโ€™s every word. Internal party pressure The scale of Starmerโ€™s problem is best illustrated by a single figure: 42 Labour MPs had already officially called on him to resign by Sunday evening, whilst former Deputy Prime Minister Angela Rayner described the current situation as โ€œLabourโ€™s last chanceโ€ to change course.

The emergence of potential challengers, such as Wes Streeting and Andy Burnham, means that the market now views the internal dispute within the Labour Party as a real risk, rather than mere political noise. In his speech on Monday, Starmer focused on several key themes. Firstly, a firm defence of his own position: โ€œI will fight in every internal vote.โ€ Secondly, a political agenda aimed at closer ties with the EU, the nationalisation of British Steel and a new mobility agreement for young people with Europe. The market viewed this speech primarily through the prism of one question: will the Prime Minister stabilise his position sufficiently to halt the sell-off of gilts?

You can watch the UK Prime Ministerโ€™s live address here. Source: Sky News, YouTube

Starmer, gilts in pounds

The yield on 10-year gilts rose on Monday morning to 4.954%, an increase of 3 basis points from the previous close, when it stood at 4.904% immediately after Starmer refused to resign on Friday. Economists surveyed by Bloomberg say that were it not for the political component, yields would be 10โ€“15 basis points lower. This shows just how much the market has already begun to price in the risk of political instability, rather than solely macroeconomic fundamentals. The UK currently has the highest debt servicing costs of all G7 countries, a consequence of inflation remaining above target and weak economic growth. The situation is further complicated by the economic fallout from the armed conflict in Iran, which has led to higher energy prices and a further weakening of business activity. In such an environment, any political uncertainty acts as a risk multiplier for funds holding gilts.

Implications for the GBP

The pound finds itself in a difficult position, both technically and fundamentally. On the one hand, structural factors such as the Bank of Englandโ€™s relatively high interest rates compared to the ECB and the marked inflationary divergence from the rest of Europe may continue to support it in the medium term. On the other hand, the political risk premium, which has just begun to be priced into gilt yields, is a factor that directly affects the currencyโ€™s valuation: higher bond yields against a backdrop of a weakening government is a scenario that has historically been negative for the pound, as it suggests a lack of a fiscal anchor. If Starmer survives the coming weeks politically and manages to quell the internal rebellion, the risk premium should gradually decline, and the GBP/USD pair could test higher resistance levels once again. An alternative scenario, namely a genuine battle for party leadership, would, however, mean further rises in gilt yields and pressure on the pound, particularly as global markets are now highly sensitive to any signs of political fiscal instability following the experiences of the Truss era. For sterling traders, therefore, today is a test not so much of Starmer himself as of the resilience of the political risk premium that the market has already priced in.

GBP/USD is trading at 1.3608 on the daily chart, within an uptrend that has been in place since the low around 1.22 at the turn of 2024/2025, and the price remains above the anchored VWAP from early 2025, which runs in the 1.31โ€“1.32 region. The volume profile indicates a Point of Control in the 1.3450โ€“1.3480 zone, where a black horizontal line marks a key support level that has been tested repeatedly on both sides. The RSI(14) at 57.17 suggests neutral-bullish momentum with no signs of overbought conditions, which technically leaves room for further gains towards the 1.3800โ€“1.3850 resistance zone, where the price reversed at the 2025 peak.

Todayโ€™s speech by Starmer and his political survival are factors that will directly determine the short-term direction: government stability paves the way upwards, whilst an escalation of the crisis and a rise in gilt yields would push the pair back towards the POC zone at 1.3450, and, in the event of a deeper sell-off, even towards the VWAP. Technically, the bulls have the upper hand as long as the price remains above 1.34, and the bears will only regain the initiative after a break below this zone with volume. Source: xStation

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Currency Talk – USDCAD, AUDUSD, EURNZD

Key takeaways

  • What is the technical outlook for USDCAD, AUDUSD and EURNZD?

This analysis from the Overbalance series aims to identify three financial instruments, analysed primarily on the daily/four-hour (D1/H4) timeframe. The analysis utilises only the Overbalance methodology, which helps to identify points where a trend may continue or where a reversal may occur. Todayโ€™s analysis covers three instruments, assessed solely in terms of 1:1 correction structures. USDCAD USDCAD prices remained in a downtrend throughout April, but in recent days the 1:1 downtrend pattern has been negated at the 1.3630 level, which, according to the Overbalance methodology, may signal a significant upward correction or even a trend reversal. Currently, the key support level remains at 1.3655, where the lower boundary of the local 1:1 pattern is located. As long as the price remains above this level, the bullish scenario remains in place. Conversely, a return below 1.3630, i.e. below the polarity of the previously negated pattern, could once again open the way for further declines.

USDCAD โ€“ H4 timeframe. Source: xStation AUDUSD The AUDUSD exchange rate has been on an upward trend since the beginning of April. The key support level for the exchange rate is currently 0.7170. According to the Overbalance methodology, as long as the price remains above this level, the upward trend remains in place.

AUDUSD โ€“ H4 chart. Source: xStation EURNZD Since 7 April, the EURNZD has been trading in a downtrend. Should the upward correction extend, the key resistance level remains at 1.9872. As long as the price stays below this level, the bearish scenario remains in place. Conversely, for a return to the uptrend to be considered, the price would need to rise above the 1.9969 level, where the polarity of the previously negated 1:1 upward geometry is located.

EURNZD โ€“ H4 timeframe. Source: xStation

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Euro: Vulnerable against US dollar ahead of US CPI โ€“ Deutsche Bank

Deutsche Bankโ€™s Jim Reid and team say markets are digesting a firm US payrolls report that reinforced views of a resilient labour market and persistent inflation risks. They highlight a dense United States (US) data calendar, led by April Consumer Price Index (CPI), Producer Price Index (PPI), retail sales and industrial production, which will shape expectations for the US Dollar (USD) and US yields over coming days.

US data and inflation in focus

“Before that, the new week arrives with markets still processing last Fridayโ€™s US payrolls report, which came in broadly firm and reinforced the view that labour market conditions remain resilient.”

“While not strong enough to decisively alter the policy outlook, the release did little to ease concerns that underlying inflation pressures could persist, especially given still-solid wage dynamics.”

“Against this backdrop, outside of the Iran War developments which will of course take centre stage, the coming week will remain centred on the US, with a dense run of data and policy developments.”

“The focal point will be tomorrowโ€™s April CPI report.”

“Our economists expect headline inflation to rise by +0.58% month-on-month, moderating from Marchโ€™s +0.9%, but still relatively firm.”

“In contrast, the core measure is projected to accelerate to +0.39% MoM from +0.2%, suggesting underlying price pressures remain sticky even as energy-related effects fade.”

“The YoY rates would move from 3.3% to 3.8% for the former and from 2.6% to 2.8% for the latter.”

“Producer price data follows on Wednesday and then the remainder of the week shifts towards activity indicators.”

“Our economists expect retail sales to decline by -0.3% MoM after Marchโ€™s strong +1.7% increase, pointing to some payback in consumer spending.”

“Meanwhile, industrial production is forecast to rise modestly by +0.2% MoM following a -0.5% drop previously, suggesting a tentative stabilisation in manufacturing output.”

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Australian Dollar strengthens against Japanese Yen on hawkish RBA path

  • AUD/JPY trades with mild gains around 113.60 in Mondayโ€™s early European session. 
  • Market pricing indicates the OCR could reach 4.7% by the end of 2026, with no cuts expected until 2028. 
  • Japanโ€™s officials intervened in the FX market during the holidays in early May. 

The AUD/JPY cross posts modest gains near 113.60 during the early European trading hours on Monday. The Australian Dollar (AUD) edges higher against the Japanese Yen (JPY) on a hawkish tone from the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA). Nonetheless, traders remain cautious of potential further interventions from the Japanese authorities. 

The Australian central bank raised its Official Cash Rate (OCR) to 4.35% last week, matching its December 2024 peak, as inflation remains elevated. This marks the third consecutive rate hike this year. According to the statement, the RBA said inflation had picked up materially in the second half of 2025, with conflict in the Middle East pushing up fuel and commodity prices. 

The RBA signaled that more rate hikes were on the horizon, with its economic forecasts pencilling in a 4.70% policy rate by the end of 2026, with no cuts expected until 2028, according to CNBC.

However, the potential upside for the cross might be limited amid intervention fears. Japanese officials reportedly intervened in the currency market again during the Golden week. 

Markets estimated the cost of these additional moves at approximately ยฅ4 trillion to ยฅ5 trillion ($32 billion). Japanโ€™s top foreign exchange official, Atsushi Mimura, said last week that continued intervention was possible.

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Offshore Yuan Remains Strong

The offshore yuan steadied around 6.79 per dollar on Monday, remaining at its strongest level since February 2023, supported by robust trade data ahead of a highly anticipated meeting between Presidents Donald Trump and Xi Jinping. Exports surged 14.1% year-on-year to a record USD 359.44 billion in April 2026, beating expectations and sharply accelerating from March, supported by investment tied to the global AI boom despite shipping disruptions caused by the closure of the Strait of Hormuz.

Imports also jumped 25.3% from a year earlier to a fresh all-time high of USD 274.62 billion, signaling resilient domestic demand. Meanwhile, annual CPI came in above expectations at 1.2% in April, while PPI recorded its second straight month of increases at 2.8%. Investors are now focused on the closely watched Trumpโ€“Xi meeting in Beijing later this week, where the two leaders are expected to discuss the Middle East conflict, Taiwan, and a new framework for trade negotiations.

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JPY – lower vs firmer USD on Iran tensions; intervention risks limit losses

  • USD/JPY attracts some dip-buyers as Iran tensions and hawkish Fed bets revive the USD demand.
  • Reviving inflationary concerns act as a tailwind for the US bond yields, also underpinning the USD.
  • Intervention fears and expectations for a BoJ rate hike in June should help limit deeper JPY losses.

The USD/JPY pair reverses a modest Asian session dip to the 156.50-156.45 area on Monday as the safe-haven US Dollar (USD) draws support from persistent geopolitical uncertainties. Spot prices reclaim the 157.00 mark, though any meaningful upside still seems elusive in the wake of speculations that Japanese authorities might step in to prop up the domestic currency.

US President Donald Trump and Iran both rejected each otherโ€™s peace proposals for ending the war and the gradual reopening of the Strait of Hormuz amid major disagreements over Iran’s nuclear program. In fact, the Wall Street Journal reported that Iran has rejected US demands to dismantle its nuclear facilities and suspend uranium enrichment for 20 years. US President Donald Trump quickly lashed out at the Iranian response, calling it “totally unacceptable.” This comes on top of renewed hostilities in the Strait of Hormuz and keeps geopolitical risks in play, underpinning the USD’s reserve currency status and offering some support to the USD/JPY pair.

Meanwhile, the US-Iran standoff triggers a fresh leg up in Crude Oil prices and revives inflationary concerns. Apart from this, the upbeat US Nonfarm Payrolls (NFP) report released on Friday reaffirms hawkish US Federal Reserve (Fed) expectations and acts as a tailwind for the US Treasury bond yields. This turns out to be another factor benefiting the USD and contributing to the bid tone surrounding the USD/JPY pair. Meanwhile, reports last week that officials intervened in the FX market during holidays in early May might hold back traders from placing aggressive bearish bets around the Japanese Yen (JPY) and cap further gains for the currency pair.

Moreover, Japan’s top currency diplomat, Atsushi Mimura, had said on Thursday that Japan faces no constraints on how often it can intervene on currency markets and is in daily contact with US authorities. This reinforces that Japan remains committed to stemming speculative JPY moves. Adding to this, the Bank of Japan’s (BoJ) upward revision of inflation forecasts and the 6-3 hawkish vote split lifted bets for a potential rate increase as soon as June. This favors the JPY bulls, warranting caution before positioning for further USD/JPY gains